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Bargaining coordination has been widely used and preferred over centralisation as an indicator to assess and explain wage developments (Soskice 1990; Nickell 1997; OECD 1997, 2004).
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Far from living in model democracies, as some might suppose, British and American citizens suffer in Mr Ringen's eyes from woeful "misrule", which he blames on governments of left and right alike.One obvious symptom is the over- centralisation of power.
It is a pity Mr Duff begs his question by saying that a "centralised superstate" represents "an over-centralisation of power", thereby short-cutting any discussion of what degree of centralisation might be necessary or desirable in conditions of monetary union.
It is a case study in the effects of over-centralisation and poor management.
These trends were, to name a few, over-centralisation, wasteful spending and state dependency.
Scarcely anybody wants the over-centralisation of the Gaddafi regime to continue.
And Labour has some cheerleaders for free trade and critics of state over-centralisation.
But what is most wrong with the British version of representative democracy is its extreme over-centralisation.
Political instability, frequent staff changes, over-centralisation, lack of long-term planning by bureaucrats, aggressive unions and the occasional war all get in the way.
It has even been portrayed by some as a recipe for dystopia, in which over-centralisation, lack of choice and falling standards are the norm.
This can be changed in an instant by casting off the shackles of our grotesque outdated over-centralisation, liberating the talents of all the nations of the union".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com