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In males, the percentage of the outward type increased stepwise from 2002 to 2004.
Very severe conditions (which correspond to the 20-day treatment) tended to produce the outward type.
In the fifth generation, the outward type occupied 80% of the total population.
We performed artificial selection for the outward phenotype for ten generations, and yet we were unable to obtain the severe outward type despite obtaining the outward type with relatively small degree of modifications.
General increase of the outward type from 2000 to 2004 in males may also support this possibility.
In both sexes, but especially in females, the majority of the modified individuals were of the outward type.
Similar(43)
Figure 3 shows that in the microcrystal used in this study the NH bond of residue 53 points towards the helix (a so-called type-II β-turn); in most other structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank it points outward (type-I β-turn, see Figure S9).
These three modification types (i.e., the inward, reduction, and outward types) were generally found in both sexes in the years 2002, 2003, and 2004, but their proportion among the total number of the modified individuals varied between sexes and among years (Fig. 2S).
The cycle of egg collecting, larval rearing, pupal cold shock, outward-type selection, and mating was repeated until the tenth generation.
However, two severe outward-type individuals caught in the previous northern rage margins of Akita Prefecture in September and October , 1989 were reported [ 15].
However, modified individuals have been occasionally reported in the Japanese lepidopterological journals including the outward-type modifications (e.g., [ 16]) as well as those of the inward and reduction types (e.g., [ 17, 18]) from many localities.
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