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Both established and outsider groups used and continue to use sports to represent, maintain, and challenge identities.
But the relationship between the two outsider groups whose fortunes took different turns has also been bitter, said Hasia Diner, a professor of history at New York University.
The contenders are both from outsider groups that were once persecuted, and despite Harvard degrees and notable successes, both men have felt the sting of being treated as somehow strange or different.
"Insider" groups those older and more traditional business, labour, and professional groups with extensive resources, including money and established access to public officials are more able to pursue "insider tactics," utilizing their close friends and associates in government to promote their goals, and generally have many more options available to them than do "outsider" groups.
Such outsider groups tend to be newer and sometimes promote radical causes; they usually lack key contacts with policy makers and major financial resources, and they often focus their energy on grassroots efforts, which may include letter writing or Internet campaigns or public demonstrations to gain media coverage (insider groups may also use such methods).
Employment-protection laws concentrate the risk of unemployment in "outsider" groups such as workers on temporary contracts, the currently unemployed, and so on: you would therefore expect tighter laws to decrease the demand for unemployment benefits among insiders with eligible jobs and increase it among outsiders.
Similar(43)
Cyclists used to be an outsider group, invisible.
It is a much harder form of tolerance to accept an outsider group that chooses to maximize its differences from the broader culture.
Hamas is focussed on national questions, on its conflict with Israel; Al Qaeda is an avant-garde, outsider group that foments disorder and fear, and is focussed on the more distant enemy––it's a very different organization.
And they choose based on which outsider group they would like to hate next.
Before women achieved the right to vote, they were considered an outsider group with no rights.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com