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They have polymorphous nuclei and, in the cell substance outside the nuclei, coarse granules that stain with eosin and other acid dyes.
About a decade ago, researchers discovered that ALS patients often had clumps of the protein outside the nuclei of their brain cells, but it was unknown whether that was a cause or an effect of the disease.
Although a small portion of the IF signal could be detected in the nuclei (data not shown), the vast majority of this histone modification localized outside the nuclei (Figure 1).
Indeed, we observed characteristic spotty staining of Mvh outside the nuclei of almost all spermatids in Ago2CKO testis (Figure S7), indicating that the chromatoid body formed normally regardless of the absence of Ago2 protein.
Repetitive bleaching at the muscle end or in the centre of the cell outside the nuclei (Fig. 3A2, B2) showed substantial loss of fluorescence from the domains in which the bleaching was performed and only a small loss of fluorescence in the remainder of the cell (Fig. 3A, B).
Fluorescence intensities inside and outside the nuclei were quantified using custom written code in MATLAB.
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Brain sections co-stained with A11 and DAPI nuclear stain showed A11 immunostaining surrounding, but situated outside, the nucleus in both the cortex and hippocampus.
The experiments identified another protein called Slx9 that shuttles rapidly between the inside and the outside of the nucleus.
However, we cannot formally exclude the potential binding of vimentin to the outside of the nucleus that could produce its inclusion in the nuclear fraction.
Outside the nucleus, we seem to know a lot.
In mammals, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the only autonomously replicating source of DNA outside the nucleus.
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