While there is no standardised approach, it's widely accepted that any VFM analysis of Wash programmes should incorporate an understanding of relationships between different components of the "results chain" (inputs, processes, outputs, outcomes), and in particular the costs of achieving those results.
According to Boyd (2004), there are four elements needed to measure social value creation: inputs, outputs, outcomes and impacts.
As result of this, important steps were described as a series of inputs, outputs, outcomes, and impacts (as defined by Hills and Junge [30]).
As Boumans argues, macroeconomic models function as measuring instruments insofar as they produce invariant relations between inputs (indications) and outputs (outcomes), and insofar as this invariance can be tested by calibration against known and stable facts.
Create a system for tracking and aggregating outputs, outcomes and expenses at all levels.
Evaluation usually includes assessment of inputs, processes, outputs, outcomes, and impacts [ 32- 34].
The Mozambique office of UNICEF should invest in monitoring systems for CCD and HRAP programmes that cover, and distinguish between, inputs, progress, outputs, outcomes and impact.
Results based programme planning will have to demonstrate the causal relationship between the intended results at different levels (outputs, outcomes and impacts).
Components include contextual conditions, inputs, research activities, outputs, outcomes, and ultimate outcomes, with emphasis on science, clinical policy and practice, environmental policy and practice, and health outcomes.
The outcomes logics model [ 12] was adapted for our study, and included inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes and impact (see Table 1).
