Broadly speaking, inter-hospital differences in productivity can be caused by either different values of production (output differences), or cost (input) differences.
Fig. 2: Biomedical research output differences across Europe.
However, in trying to account for output differences across countries, productivity of self-employed individuals could potentially also play an important role.
A formula that estimates the standard deviation of the output differences of fixed-point and floating-point networks was developed in [8].
A Darwinian population is conceived as, at minimum, "a collection of causally connected individual things in which there is variation in character, which leads to differences in reproductive output (differences in how much or how quickly individuals reproduce), and which is inherited to some extent".
Knowing about the differences between communication channels - publishing of reproducible data for experts in a peer-reviewed system on the one hand and of 'stories' for laymen in an editorial system on the other - we compare the output, differences, and congruence of both concerning scientific uncertainty.
Metabolic rates were calculated from input-output differences and the total flow rates and were referred to the wet weight of the liver.
However, unit-specific calibration has been shown to be necessary in order to minimize the inter-instrument output differences observed under standardized conditions in mechanical setups [ 27, 28].
The qualitative differences seen in the static or dynamic behaviors of the DARPP-32 system in response to different signal patterns raise an interesting question, namely: What are the governing mechanisms responsible for these input-output differences and how robust are they?
Our key principle is to maximize the difference between the outputs of two different models, in particular, the L2-norm of the output difference.
This is particularly critical in high-complexity jobs, where the average output difference between average and star employees is 800% (as opposed to 50% in low-complexity jobs).
