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Modern pain science views pain as an output of the brain, and there are novel therapies developed within my field to retrain the brain.
That's the final output of the brain.
These observations agree very well with those obtained by the group of Tracey[2] whereby the parasympathetic output of the brain is essential to contain the inflammation.
Consequently we investigated whether the autonomic output of the brain might be involved in the adaptive immune response and thus to what extend information from the brain to the spleen is essential for the generation of antigen specific antibodies.
Explaining pain aims to reconceptualise pain as a protective output of the brain, rather than an accurate measure of tissue damage.
29 Pain will be presented as being a protective output of the brain that is influenced by many factors, rather than being a robust signal of tissue damage.
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For years, ethologists have performed painstaking experiments to identify sensory inputs and behavioral outputs of the brain during mating.
The question then is how do we mimic the outputs of the brain so we see how it makes those outputs?
The first study showed that the exact structures of beta-neurexins vary from one cell type to the next, while the second revealed that these proteins, far from being mere drops of dried glue, can control transmitting nerve-cells' firing propensity by altering receiving nerve cells' output of endocannabinoids, the brain's "inner marijuana". It's okay to exhale now.
In contrast, an independent BCI is a communication channel that is independent of normal output pathways of the brain.
This nucleus is the main source of amygdala outputs to the brain stem and hypothalamic sites (Holstege et al. 1996) that mediate the behavioral and autonomic responses associated with fear (LeDoux et al. 1988; De Oca et al. 1998).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com