Indicators based on the dynamics of these innovation networks hold great promise for integrating input and output indicators.
The proposed model is designed to better capture inherent preferences information over input and output indicators by adding constraint cones to the conventional DEA model.
School effectiveness research applies scientific methods in establishing which malleable educational conditions are associated with output indicators that reflect the value added by schooling.
Secondly, the product and process innovation performance of low-technology firms in German industry is analysed based on data from 1663 firms in the German Manufacturing Survey 2006, applying a set of both product and process related innovation output indicators.
The paper contributes to our understanding of the determinants of firms' innovation outputs and provides new information on the relationship between knowledge stocks, as measured by patents, and innovation output indicators.
We recommend that the assessment of smart city performance should not only use output indicators that measure the efficiency of deployment of smart solutions but also impact indicators that measure the contribution towards the ultimate goals such as environmental, economic or social sustainability.
A summary of key studies using university/PRI commercialisation output indicators is listed in Table 4.
Table 3 provides a summary of key studies using inventive output indicators.
The study assesses police productivity using three output indicators: clearance ratio, detection ratio, and effectiveness ratio.
Second, scholars use intermediate output indicators to measure the level of public goods provision.
The list of selected input and output indicators is presented in Table 2.
