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In current science policies, competition and output incentives are emphasized as a means of making university systems efficient and productive.
Although competitive funding of public research has been characterised as providing output incentives that raise efficiency and productivity, we know very little about whether the quality of a scientist's research is in fact the primary award criterion on which funding bodies base their grant decision.
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Secondary leakage occurs when the project's outputs create incentives for third parties to increase emissions elsewhere.
This integrated approach is evaluated with input and output based incentive models, both of which are currently available in the USA and Prince Edward Island, Canada.
Performance- or output-based incentives could lead to competition or neglect of unpaid tasks, hampering CHW performance [ 29, 49].
Looking at market conditions, there is financial revenue from flexibilization of the energy output; however, without incentives, the income cost balance is negative [23].
Table 1 Explanatory variables used in the logit and survival analyses Variable Proxy Definition Hypothesis for LM Hypothesis for SA Incentives Output price level (P Y ) price Average price of products sold.
In most cases, the ratio between the high price of feed inputs and lower price of livestock product outputs provides insufficient incentives for the nomads to purchase inputs for developing intensive production systems (Rueda et al. 2003).
Payments would be linked to production for up to 40% of output, leaving little incentive for farmers to switch to other, less lucrative products.
Meanwhile, oil companies would end up paying the highest taxes in the nation on their Californian output, reducing their incentive to look for more.
The Rwanda MoH uses community performance-based financing (cPBF), a remuneration mechanism based on outputs, to create incentives for CHWs.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com