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Conventional robots are made of rigid components to provide large output force, high precision, and ease of controllability.
Bending deformation and output force generation have been measured and reached 0.5% and 11 μN respectively.
After that the output force of actuator is determined by stiffness design of flexure hinges.
It operates only at 18 V, and provides ±12 μm displacements with ±15 μN output force.
Cylinders are linear actuators whose output force or motion is in a straight line.
Therefore a mechanism with the specified magnification and output force is designed.
The magnetostrictive transducer output force, displacement, and bandwidth characteristics are well suited for a variety of active vibration control applications.
Thus this type of wrist force/torque can be called as direct output force sensor, which is quite different from the conventional ones called as indirect output force sensor.
In addition, output force, as another important design parameter, is characterized based on the physics and geometry of SDA.
The mapping relationship between six-dimensional heavy force/torque value to be measured and output force value is built.
Theoretical models have suggested that the output force of trilayer actuators is related to the Young's modulus of the electrodes.
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