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Evidently, the outmigration from Romania was underreported.
First there was outmigration from the rural sector.
Indeed there is some outmigration from the urban coast to the Sierra.
Outmigration from the rural sector which was large, only directly accounted for 4% of the overall growth in rural incomes.
This contributes to a strong outmigration from rural areas to large urban centres producing a gradual depopulation of rural areas.
Specific features of the post-Soviet migration wave to Russia help to isolate this effect from the typical confounding factors such as the effect of ethnic networks on the allocation of migrants, poor skill transferability and host country language proficiency of migrants, self-selection into migration and native outmigration from locations receiving immigrants.
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"Some of the decline in the black population of the city is suburbanization, but the census data could show a net outmigration of blacks from the Chicago area as a whole".
In addition, the obtained displacement effects are less likely to be underestimated due to the outmigration of natives from the regions affected by the immigration influx (a typical problem found in studies using spatial variation to identify the effects) as the internal migration in Russia was very low.
There are low doctor-to-patient ratios in Thailand and Malaysia (table 5), as well as continual outmigration of doctors from Singapore and Malaysia.
Smolt age at outmigration was estimated from parentage data for 281 smolts (see Hauser et al. 2006 for parentage methods), and differences between hatchery and wild fish were tested by χ contingency table.
Predicted outmigration, for both Mexican men and women, declines with time in the US (Figure 3). Figure 3 Predicted outmigration rate of Mexican immigrants, by years since immigration.
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