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Besides, genome scans may also reveal unusual outlier patterns that are difficult to relate to a clearly identified evolutionary mechanism.
The high-LD group on LG1 that exhibited strong spatial outlier patterns correlated with a number of variables, including distance to shore, sea surface temperature range, and salinity.
Hence, there are strong indications that Ne in the Baltic population is sufficiently large and that bottleneck effects should not be a major issue, supporting the view that demographic processes alone are not the ultimate driver for the outlier patterns that we observe.
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In Hemmer-Hansen et al. (2013) it is evident that SNPs in this region shows elevated FST values in a Norwegian coastal cod/North Sea comparison, which may indicate that it is the North Sea that is driving this outlier pattern.
Relative to the Baltic Sea, we detect an outlier pattern consistent with later stages of ecological divergence (Feder, Egan, et al. 2012) where most of the outlier SNPs cluster in extended genomic regions in high LD, suggesting divergence hitchhiking and the presence of genomic islands of divergence.
In the tightly linked outlier block on LG12, the allele frequencies within the Baltic Sea and within the North Sea are similar (supplementary table S2, Supplementary Material online) possibly reflecting that the detected outlier pattern either predates the Baltic split or is subject to similar selection pressure in both areas.
A logistic regression diagnostic was carried out to identify influence or outlier covariate patterns (Hosmer-Lemeshow [ 42]).
As we said, the lone outlier to the pattern was 1996, when the Yankees won their first World Series in 18 years.
The figure also shows the network density without considering the paper with 18 authors, which in fact represents a collaboration pattern outlier.
The single outlier to this pattern was a genotype recovered on both Admiral (9 of 30 samples) and Alligator (1 of 23 samples) Reefs.
While the relationship between duplication set size and percentage of duplicated genes was similar among the four species., zebrafish again was the outlier, showing a pattern of more numerous small-scale duplications (set sizes 2 10).
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