Exact(1)
Some variables (movie smoking exposure, sensation seeking, team sports participation, tobacco outlet density, distance to the closest outlet, proportion population Black, proportion population Hispanic and proportion families with incomes below the poverty level) were skewed right.
Similar(58)
In addition, to allow a comparison of effect size among the variables, friend smoking, movie smoking exposure, tobacco outlet density, proportion of families with incomes below the poverty level, sensation seeking and team sports participation were rescaled so that the lowest value was 0 and the highest value was 1.
Multivariate model results for smoking intensity among the experimental smokers are reported in table 4. Minority status, friend smoking, age, team sports participation, sensation seeking, tobacco outlet density, proportion population Black and Hispanic, and poverty, were all associated with smoking intensity at the bivariate level.
However, at a 10 min walk (800 m), almost half of the outlets (n=1007) were located within this distance, providing an average of 35 opportunities per school (median =24; range 4 100) with schools in quartile 3 (second most deprived) having the highest proportion of outlets (328 outlets; median =60, range 7 91).
To check the accuracy of the food outlet data, a random proportion of outlets (5%) for all council lists will be validated through online website searches, telephone calls and using 'street view' in Google maps.
The relationship between the proportion of outlets stocking ACTs and the average price of ACTs at those outlets was explored using repeated measures logistic regression models with the GENMOD procedure in SAS v9.2.
Many chains have no or very few establishments which are unsatisfactory, but there are some brands where a higher proportion of outlets failed to meet acceptable standards of food hygiene.
In contrast, D&B had the highest proportion of outlets that could not be confirmed (22%), with 12.3% not being found, 2.3% not being found because of a post office box address, and 7.6% being closed.
It was defined based on history and clinical manifestations (e.g., large fetal head in proportion to pelvic outlet, prolonged labor, breech presentation, mechanical assistance with delivery), transfontanel cranial ultrasonography or CT results and knowledge of the birth weight-specific risks of the type of hemorrhage.
This broad coverage is important because smaller retail outlets account for a significant proportion of cigarette sales.
The prevalence of fast food and other unhealthy food outlets explained only a small proportion of the observed associations between weight status and socioeconomic deprivation.
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