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Table 2 shows results using multinomial logistic regression to model odds of overweight and obesity in relation to levels of takeaway food outlet exposure.
35 Other studies have focused on objectively captured daily estimates of food outlet exposure, 33 or exposures to built and food environments along routes between home and non-home destinations.
A dose-response association between odds of obesity and takeaway food outlet exposure along commuting routes was not apparent, but those most exposed showed 38% greater odds of being obese than those least exposed (1.38, 1.01 to 1.88).
33 35 39 In summary, relying on estimates of takeaway food outlet exposure in residential areas alone is likely to underestimate total exposure within wider activity spaces, therefore compromising our ability to detect true associations between individuals and their environments.
Takeaway food outlet exposure was derived using data from local authorities for individual environmental domains (at home, at work, and along commuting routes (the shortest route between home and work)), and for exposure in all three domains combined.
In models that omitted supermarket exposure as a covariate, the associations between combined takeaway food outlet exposure, consumption of takeaway food, and body mass index were attenuated towards the null (web figs 5 and 6, upper right panels, respectively).
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Ms. Eubanks, 44, said that besides giving her children a creative outlet, early exposure to the arts means they will grow up with a natural interest in them.
The individual-level measure of outlet density exposure will be a function (e.g. reciprocal) of the total (mean) distance; (2) We will derive the LSOA density by averaging the values for all individual residents in the LSOA.
(5) Since the annual estimation of outlet density exposure automatically includes people who move residence, (from using the WDS within SAIL), our main models will correct for population migration.
Moreover, when publications decline to publish a story on their main pages, it may be posted on the publications official blog or that of the writer presenting alternative outlets for exposure.
However, this paper was unable to address other known major determinants of alcohol consumption, such as price and physical availability, including distance to alcohol outlets and exposure to advertising and promotion.
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