But these avoidance and reputational benefits are hard to quantify when set against real outlays for people, systems and processes.
Figure 1 provides the outlay for the study selection process.
This process involved the biggest outlay of their life; paying a bride price of 10,000 yuan according to local custom plus wedding expenses, and on top of this, they needed to build a separate marital house for the young couple.
Only one winner this season and that will be Mourinho - but Van Gaal has increasing confidence in his own "process" and a transfer outlay that could reach £150m for targets such as Borussia Dortmund's German World Cup winner Mats Hummels will only add to that belief.
Its production would require an entirely new fabrication process and the huge capital outlay for equipment and facilities that comes with it.
So the outlay has produced scant reward and a rebuilding process is already required.
This means that the processes that govern their revenues and outlays are not the same as those that apply to the general government budget.
Businesses were pretty much on their own, suggested the author, with the company having huge outlays, including hiring a foreign expert to assist in the process.
Groupon argues that adding customers through marketing is a one-time process, stock compensation does not result in direct cash outlays, and taxes and interest payments are not relevant because Groupon does not have debt and is still technically "losing money".
Very uncomfortably, the overall process might require a call for slashing social service outlays, talking directly about the cultural causes of what's perceived as growing violence, and even favoring the affirmative action programs that are often denounced here as an American collision with French sociological subtleties.
The initial capital outlay was converted into an annual equivalent cost through a process of annuitizing these costs over the life expectancy of the application [ 12].
