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Outermost primary black, narrowly edged with buff; rest of primaries and primary coverts black, edged with green.
In all perching birds the 10th (outermost) primary is reduced to some degree, and in many families only 9 may be found.
This method is particularly useful for indicating wing formulae, as the outermost primary is the one with which the measurements begin.
The golden white-eye differs from the other white-eyes in having large eyes and an outermost primary wing feather that is not reduced (as it is in the other species).
The primaries are numbered from P1, the innermost primary, to P10, the outermost primary.
Nestlings in unlined nests had outermost primary feathers that were 30% shorter than nestlings in lined nests, indicating that birds fledging from unlined nests would have underdeveloped feathers.
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The outermost primaries on the wings are of different proportions.
The outermost primaries (P10-P7) with a broad (ca 15 mm) white band almost midway along the feather, the outer webs of which occasionally are narrowly edged with buff; the inner primaries (P6-P1) and the secondaries are boldly spotted and barred tawny with brown speckling.
It is distinguished from the Least Tern (which is more often coastal) by its heavier bill, which lacks a black tip, a shorter and less forked tail, and a broader black wedge on the upperside of the wing, formed by the outermost primaries in flight (4-5 black feathers as opposed to 2 in Leasts).
The outermost primaries of large soaring birds, particularly raptors, often show a pronounced narrowing at some variable distance along the feather edges.
In a few well-studied species with stepwise primary replacement, some immatures skip an outer primary (referred to as omissive molts [21]), apparently to set up a point of molt initiation in the outermost primaries for the following molt.
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