This outermost component of the bacteria contributes to their low permeability and resistance to many toxic compounds, and is involved in important host-pathogen interactions (Brennan and Nikaido, 1995; Karakousis et al., 2004).
The O antigen constitutes the outermost part of the lipopolysaccharide layer in Gram-negative bacteria.
Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers) are the outermost cell envelope component of many bacteria and archaea.
Finally, these biomimetic approaches are exciting examples for synthetic biology mimicking structural and functional aspects of many bacterial and archaeal cell envelopes having an S-layer lattice as outermost cell wall component (Sleytr & Beveridge, 1999; Sleytr et al., 2002, 2013).
Similarity to double fusion is that outermost primers with other PCR components are mixed at the same time, and overlap extension reaction and full length fused DNA amplification reaction are working in one tube.
We combined these two steps of reactions in our SSOE-PCR: i.e. one PCR solution with all the components including the outermost primers was made and one continuous cycling program was employed at higher annealing temperature in overlap extension stage but lower in the fused DNA amplifying stage.
Like with all cells, the plasma membrane lies beneath the outermost layer and its main component is a phospholipid bilayer in which cholesterol, glycolipids and glycoproteins are embedded.
In this new method, the outermost primers were added with other PCR components at the same time before beginning overlap extension reaction, but higher annealing temperature was setup during overlap extension stage.
Shorter outermost primers were prior mixed with other PCR components at the same time.
Nevertheless, such three different BCP specimens (chemically different in the molecular structure and thermodynamically different in the state) showed a common feature of the surface structure, as the outermost surface was completely covered with the single component having a lower value of the surface free energy, as revealed by XPS measurements.
