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The ectodesmata and the cavities would aid the secretion crossing the thick outer tangential epidermal cell walls of the ring.
An equivalent electrodense content accumulates outside the invaginated plasmalemma (Figure 4B, arrows) and outside the outer tangential wall (Figure 4B, arrowheads).
(B) Detail of the outer tangential wall with highly electrondense content outside the invaginated plasmalemma (arrows), inside the ectodesmata, which also have vesicles (ve), and outside the wall (arrowhead).
The epidermal cells of the ring exhibit a very thick outer tangential wall, crossed by conspicuous ectodesmata (Figure 4A), some of them filled with a highly electrondense content or with vesicles inside (Figure 4B).
In addition, TEM images indicated that cell walls of endothecium layer in 'Qx-097' and 'Noa' thickened and became U-shaped at later stage of pollen development and the opening was toward the outer tangential wall, which may the structure base of anther cracking and facilitate anther cracking.
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In particular, the radial anisotropy in the outer lamina and the tangential anisotropy in the superficial lamina cannot be explained solely by myelinated axons.
The wall is not uniformly thick in all cells, and thickening may occur predominately in longitudinal strips at the corners of the cell, on the tangential (i.e., outer, toward the stem exterior) surface of the cell, or around the spaces between adjacent cells.
For a hollow cylinder fixed on the inner surface and subjected to tangential tractions on the outer surface (or vice versa) the through-the-thickness in-plane shear stress distribution is also universal and is determined by surface tractions and the outer radius of the cylinder; it is independent of the spatial variation of the shear modulus.
Twigs were wiped with damp tissue to remove surface debris, and gently scraped with a razor blade, removing tangential slivers of the outer layers of the tissues, up to and including the green cambial layer, and the scrapings (4 mg) were collected into the buffer.
When the sensor is compressed, the tallest pillars in the centre are under greater normal stress and thus able to generate a greater friction force; this encourages the shorter outer pillars to slip first when a tangential force is applied.
The outer pillar was observed to slip at a lower tangential force than the central pillar.
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