Sentence examples for outer shell electrons from inspiring English sources

The five outer shell electrons screen the nuclear charge quite poorly, with the result that the effective nuclear charge felt at the covalent radius distance is relatively high.

Moreover, of all the elements in the second row, carbon has the maximum number of outer shell electrons (four) capable of forming covalent bonds.

The deformation depends on the field magnitude and the orbital type of outer shell electrons, as shown by group-theoretical considerations.

Compton scattering also increases with sulfur content, as there are more outer shell electrons per unit mass, and these electrons are more likely to undergo a Compton scattering event.

This occurs primarily due to Compton events in which the incident, high-energy X-rays interact with outer shell electrons in the tissue.

It is a Class B metal that has ten outer shell electrons in the d orbital and is highly reactive, tending to preferentially form covalent bonds with S>N>P>O [ 29, 30].

The vacancy left can then be filled by another outer shell electron that falls to its place, further releasing low-energy photons promoting a cascade release of secondary electrons (Butterworth et al. 2012).

This energy gap is equivalent to the energy required to free an outer shell electron which behaves as a mobile charge carrier that moves freely within the solid material.

Free radicals are extremely unstable and become stable by pairing an outer shell electron with biomolecules, for example, lipids, proteins, and DNA.

The electron structure can be modeled by supposing that the positively charged cores consisting of the protons and inner-shell electrons of all the cluster's atoms are smeared out into a continuous, attractive background, while the valence, or outer-shell, electrons are delocalized (i.e., shared among all atoms in the cluster).

Or, that Lise Meitner (1934) was the first to describe how outer-shell electrons were ejected after gamma ray bombardment of an atom.