As a vehicle system to deliver bacterial components to the extracellular milieu, outer membrane vesicles (OMV) have been studied over the past few decades [ 51- 53].
Characteristics of good vaccine targets include: (i) expression during infection, (ii) localization to the outer membrane or extracellular milieu, (iii) specificity to many members of the target group (i.e. gene conservation within the group only) and not against beneficial bacteria, and (iv) the ability to trigger a sufficient immunologic response in the host to kill the bacteria.
In this study, we identified 17 potential vaccine targets of the 458 candidate genes that are induced in J2315 under infection-like conditions and that are predicted to be localized in the outer membrane or the extracellular milieu.
The outer layer represents the social, economic, legal and political milieu or the external environment.
The relative dependence of cells on antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins is termed mitochondrial priming and changes according to the milieu of Bcl-2 proteins on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) (Del Gaizo Moore and Letai, 2013, Schellenberg et al., 2013).
The type 4 secretion system (T4SS) is responsible for secreting proteins and, most importantly, nucleic acids (coupled to proteins; nucleoproteins) across the inner and outer membranes into recipient cells or into the external milieu.
Rather than for DNA import, pseudopili are used by many Gram-negative species as part of the secreton machinery to 'push' or 'lift' fully folded periplasmic proteins or protein complexes into the extracellular milieu across a dedicated channel in the outer membrane (Douzi, Filloux and Voulhoux 2012; Korotkov, Sandkvist and Hol 2012; Nivaskumar and Francetic 2014).
In outer cells, the area of the membrane facing the external milieu is not engaged in cell-cell contacts (asymmetry of contacts), while inner cells are completely surrounded by other cells.
Annexin-V is a protein that possesses high affinity for phosphatidylserine, a lipid that is translocated to the outer surface of the membrane and exposed to the extracellular milieu, in cells undergoing apoptosis.
The outer setting was divided into two, the 'external system' (economic, political, and professional milieu) and 'local environment' (circumstances surrounding the organisation(s) including patient, community, network) as it has been suggested the local environment has been lacking emphasis in previous frameworks [ 36, 37 ].
