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Annexin V binds to phosphatidylserine, a marker of apoptosis when it is on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane23.
In particular, PS translocation from the inner to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is critical for recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages52,53.
Glycosphingolipids (GSL) are ubiquitous membrane components located almost exclusively at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of mammalian cells.
Barrier defects are often manifested by phospholipids present in the outer leaflet of this membrane that take up space normally occupied by lipopolysaccharide.
Externalization of PS from inner leaflet to outer leaflet of the membrane is the hallmark of apoptosis.
PS is translocated from the inner to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane during the early stages of apoptosis and in necrosis.
Phosphatidyl serine (PS) is located on the cytoplasmic surface of the normal cell whereas in apoptotic cells, located in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.
In pathophysiological conditions including apoptosis, thrombosis and tumour vasculature, PS is externalised from the inner leaflet to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane [25].
PS is translocated from the inner to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane during the early stages of apoptosis and in necrosis [1, 2].
Annexin Vivo 750 is a NIR probe that selectively binds phosphatidylserine exposed in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane during the early stages of apoptosis.
Like PS, this major aminophospholipid is externalised from the inner leaflet to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane during apoptosis and tumour vascular endothelium [89, 90].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com