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In the case of fibers loaded perpendicular to their fiber axis, the debonding of the matrix starts from the outer fiber ends.
The typical HC-FCS column consists of a concrete shell sandwiched between an outer fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tube and an inner steel tube.
During the bending process of switch components a high strain is applied to the outer fiber of the rail foot, about ten times larger than in normal operation when a train passes through the rail.
Through simulation analysis we can obtain the following points: if we change the inner and outer fiber cores of the PCF or the molar percentage of doping GeO2, the laser intensity distribution of the flat-topped hollow laser beam can be influenced, but there is little influence on the size of dark spot (DSS) and the width of annular beam (Wr).
For one-side suction, optimum range of outer fiber diameter and fiber length were estimated to be 2.26 3.25 mm and 1.01 1.90 m, respectively, when operating flux was 20 50 l/m2 h and a ratio of lumen and outer diameter was 1 2.
Figure 7 shows the effect of ICFR on the mean pore size of the outer fiber surface.
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Failure initiation and propagation always occurred in the outer fiber-mat layers of the adherends.
Failure propagation always occurred in the outer fiber-mat layers of the adherends.
The HC-FCS column consists of a concrete wall sandwiched between an outer fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tube and an inner steel tube.
Double-tube concrete columns (DTCCs) are a novel form of hybrid columns which consist of an outer fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tube, an inner circular high-strength steel (HSS) tube and the concrete filled in the entire section.
The failure criterion was deduced from measured combined through-thickness tensile and shear strength values in the outer fiber-mat layer of the adherends (locations of the ultimate failure).
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