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Phosphorus has five outer electrons.
In metals, the outer electrons are free to move.
When two nitrogen atoms are put together, their outer electrons form three separate chemical bonds between the two atoms.
The group doped its germanium with phosphorous, which has five outer electrons.
Germanium has only four outer electrons, "so each phosphorous gives us an extra electron," Kimerling says.
Those in the second column have two outer electrons, and so on.
Similar(5)
Metalloids have electronic structures intermediate between the nearly empty outer electron shells of the typical metals and the nearly filled electron shells of the nonmetals.
They flew through the outer electron barrier like a probe skimming past the planets down towards our sun.
When bonded to two hydrogen atoms, the outer electron shell of the oxygen atom is filled.
Using laser pulses, the researchers coaxed it into a "cat state" in which its outer electron simultaneously had two opposite "spins".
When such an inner electron is ejected, a higher-energy outer electron quickly drops down to fill the vacancy.
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