Compared with non-cardiac origin OHCA, the neurological outcomes of cardiac origin OHCA were significantly better regarding return of spontaneous circulation before hospital arrival, 1-month survival after the event, CPC 1 or 2 and overall performance category 1 or 2 (p<0.001).
In what follows, I start by briefly reviewing the main theoretical mechanisms through which family involvement might influence educational outcomes of immigrant origin youths.
The risk of abnormal reproductive outcomes of paternal origin may be influenced by male reproductive physiology and genetic factors (Hassold and Hunt 2001), past and current male environmental exposures (Olshan and van Wijngaarden 2003), or random mutational errors during sperm production (Crow 2000).
Proportional odds logistic models were constructed to investigate whether hedging or avoidance are associated with characteristics of the complaint process (length of investigation, timing of complaint, outcome of investigation, origin of complaint, type of complaint).
We also assigned each mother a neighbourhood deprivation score developed for Canadian urban settings, 36 but this variable was not included in the final models because it mediates the effect of country of origin on birth outcomes via self-selection of immigrants into particular neighbourhoods (i.e. immigrants from poor countries tended to settle into poor neighbourhoods, and vice versa).
Interventions derived from PDSA cycles can, in principle, be tested in different settings in order to produce knowledge about implementation and outcomes beyond the context of origin.
But a narrow focus on country of training would not be appropriate for other studies – such as an investigation of the effects of physician emigration on health system staffing, health care availability, or health outcomes in the countries of origin.
Aspects that have almost never been considered in the published studies, but that are particularly relevant for adverse pregnancy outcomes, are maternally mediated and parent-of-origin effects.
Regarding social mobility effects, the study by Houle (2011) is consistent with the literature which demonstrates that mobile individuals tend to have health outcomes between their social class of origin and destination, so social mobility has a constraining effect on health inequalities [ 11, 43- 45].
Standard figures on employment status are reported in Table 2, 5 which shows, as is usual in many industrialised countries, that there is considerable heterogeneity in labor market outcomes according to the country of origin.
