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Since earlier diagnosis of renal involvement may lead to better outcomes, identification of the nephritogenic specificity of lupus-associated autoantibodies is important in understanding the disease, while monitoring their titer clinically may serve as an improved biomarker.
For costs associated with events beyond the measured trial outcomes (identification and referral to DV advocacy), estimations were drawn from Walby's analysis of the societal and personal costs incurred by women experiencing abuse (table 3).
Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, no systematic evaluation has been done of exposure-response relations of iron dose and haemoglobin concentration in the prenatal period with adverse birth outcomes, identification of which would prove critical to the efforts to reduce this burden.
As there is little understanding of what is responsible for these adverse outcomes, identification of patients at high risk of leaving AMA is important in determining the cause of these poor outcomes and in the design of interventions to try and offset them.
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Furthermore, parameters such as perspective, measurements, valuation and assumptions regarding cost and outcome identification may affect the results.
We conducted quantitative sensitivity analyses to quantify the impact of residual confounding and in differential outcome identification.
Unlike case-control studies, prospective studies collect exposure data before outcome identification and therefore are less prone to recall and selection biases.
A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was conducted using a large TJRR as the data source for cohort and outcome identification.
However, the associations of fish consumption with risk of diabetes were not appreciably modified by sex and outcome identification methods (clinical examination vs. self-report).
In addition to highly different contexts and local settings, other parameters such as perspective, assumptions regarding cost and outcome identification, measurements and valuation may affect the results.
While we recorded and reported authors explicitly identifying an outcome as primary, for the trials in which this was not explicitly identified, we did not record how often primary outcome identification method 2, 3, or 4 needed to be used.
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