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The second aim was to compare CAS and carotid artery endarterectomy (CEA) outcomes for the same 7-year period.
Even worse, older people in rural areas had worse health outcomes for the same disease due to their disadvantaged welfare status.
These two cases exhibit important differences in terms of resources and complementarity between the countries, which lead to quite different outcomes for the same policies.
Accordingly, pairs with the same state ψ may have different states λ which give rise to different probabilities of outcomes for the same type of measurements.
Although it does not require more than one child to define the causal effect in theory, inferences about a causal effect require multiple individuals because it is impossible to observe both potential outcomes for the same person.
The differences between these methods can be shown to be rather of "degrees of freedom" [21], [45], yet they are based on different assumptions and often yield different outcomes for the same data matrix (as shown in Fig. 4).
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Was the course of treatment the most appropriate one, or could different "inputs" (drugs, procedures, hospital days, remote patient monitoring to the home, mobile health apps, physical therapy) be combined to drive an even better outcome for the same or lower cost?
Indeed, the predicted effects under direct and indirect selection involve the same phenotypic outcome for the same suite of traits.
This results in not only limited statistical power, but in an inability to compare effects of different lags on the outcome for the same event day.
†Exposure outcome intervals include all 11 possible time windows, considering the data for consumption (exposure) and resistance (outcome) for the same year as well as for intervals of 1 to 2 y between exposure and outcome.
For other items, such as blinding and incomplete outcome data, two or more assessments may be used because they generally need to be made separately for different outcomes (or for the same outcome at different time points).
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