In Malaysia, we also found that knowledge of disease, treatment and outcomes delayed decision to early presentation, as reported previously.
Administration of either prophylactic or therapeutic (post-disease onset) teriflunomide to DA EAE rats improved disease outcomes, delayed disease onset, and reduced maximal and cumulative disease scores [ 80].
Unadjusted and adjusted ORs were calculated to estimate the effect of independent variables on three infant-feeding outcomes: delayed initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour after birth, non-exclusive breastfeeding and predominant breastfeeding.
Unadjusted and adjusted ORs (AOR) were calculated to estimate the strength of association between independent variables and three breastfeeding indicator outcomes: delayed initiation of breastfeeding, non-exclusive breastfeeding and predominant breastfeeding.
Indeed, a recent study found no action binding at a fixed action – outcome delay of 50 ms at all (Walsh & Haggard, 2013).
Compared to "action only" trials in "variable outcome timing" blocks, subjective action time in "action + tone" trials for which the action – outcome delay was 50 ms or 450 ms did not show the shift towards the outcome observed for the action – outcome delay of 250 ms.
For completeness, we report the shifts observed for "action + tone" trials in "variable outcome timing" blocks in which the action – outcome delay (and, therefore, bottom-up drive) differed from "fixed outcome timing" blocks.
Therefore, we first focused on "action + tone" trials with identical trial event timing in both "variable" and "fixed" outcome timing blocks, i.e., on trials with an action – outcome delay of 250 ms.
Because of this, we are cautious to draw strong conclusions regarding action binding in trials with an action – outcome delay of 50 ms or 450 ms in the "variable outcome timing" condition.
If the reconstructive process had been directly triggered by the perceptual trace of the tone, and was independent of the action – outcome delay experienced on other trials, then it could be interpreted as a bottom-up backwards influence.
