To accurately measure incidence proportion, all individuals at risk for the outcome under study must be followed during the entire study period (or until experiencing the outcome).
Depending on the outcome under study, these could include changes in school quality, neighborhood characteristics, local labor market conditions, and geographic and temporal variations in technology.
It is important that authors use substantive knowledge to customise their interrupted time series model a priori to the intervention and outcome under study.
When estimating the effect of an economic crisis on fertility behavior, a major concern is that unobserved heterogeneity might bias the estimate of the true causal effect, at least as long as there is a correlation in those characteristics of the groups between the treatment and the outcome under study.
The BLISS study will define the CV safety profile of low-dose testosterone therapy in the formulation of LibiGel for postmenopausal women with HSDD, and the trial design may provide a paradigm for studies that aim to document long-term safety when the proposed outcome under study is an uncommon adverse event.
The outcome under study is 1-year mortality.
Further, bias strongly depended on the exposure and outcome under study.
The true causal structure relating PCBs and serum lipids depends on the outcome under study.
Thus, depending on the outcome under study, stage-specific analyses may yield biased results.
Methods of exposure assessment are influenced by the specific outcome under study.
There are also particular challenges to epidemiological investigation posed by the fact that birth defects are the outcome under study.
