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Compared to "action only" trials in "variable outcome timing" blocks, subjective action time in "action + tone" trials for which the action – outcome delay was 50 ms or 450 ms did not show the shift towards the outcome observed for the action – outcome delay of 250 ms.
Following previous studies on binding of subjective action time (Haggard et al., 2002), we subtracted the mean time judgement error in "baseline" blocks from mean time judgement errors in "variable outcome timing" and "fixed outcome timing" blocks for each participant.
These trials had no counterparts in the "fixed outcome timing" condition which could have confirmed that subjective action time is, in principle, shifted under operant conditions for these delays.
We demonstrate a shift of subjective action time by its outcome in a context of variable outcome timing.
The interaction between "trial type" (outcome presented vs. omitted) and "outcome timing variability" we observed suggests that a retrospective shift of subjective action time in our study results from an integration of sensory and contextual information on an action – outcome association.
One is to calculate the power of a black swan by a set of criteria: rate of change, reach, vulnerability, outcome, timing, opposition and power factor [42]. Aven [1] claims "near-black swans" to be surprises as a sub-set of black swan conditions, where an event does not result in extreme consequences because the barriers work and extreme outcomes are avoided.
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The secondary aims were to describe racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities, risk factors, birth outcomes, timing of death and diagnosis, and signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease and identify contributing factors.
Substantial disease variation determined here by outcomes (timing of survival) is a durable feature of inbred BXSB.
Increasingly, some differences in clinical outcomes, timing and patterns of dissemination within HER2-positive disease according to HR have been reported [ 8- 16].
In all patients, baseline sociodemographic data, clinical characteristics, presence of adverse events, clinical outcomes, timing, dose, and method of administration of voriconazole (intravenous or oral) and frequency and timing of TDM were recorded.
The questions define the populations, exposures, comparators, outcomes, timings, and settings of interest (PECOTS) eligibility criteria for the evaluation (e.g., see discussion in AHRQ 2013).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com