Indeed, on a view like Railton's, even the claim that some outcome has no causes or is governed by no laws counts as an "explanation" of that outcome, supposing that claim is true.
Definition 6.1 In a random experiment with n outcomes, suppose a variable X assumes the values x 1, …, x n with corresponding probabilities p 1, …, p n, then the paring ( x i, p ( x i ) ), i = 1, 2, … , is called a probability distribution and Σ p i = 1 (in the case of discrete distributions).
In a random experiment with n outcomes, suppose a variable X assumes the values (x_{1},ldots, x_{n}) with corresponding probabilities (p_{1},ldots, p_{n}), then this collection is called probability distribution and (sum p_{i}=1) (in case of discrete distributions).
The stronger association observed between population mixing and ALL among children aged 1 6 years than for all leukaemia among people aged 0 24 years could correspond either to a better definition of the health outcome supposing that population mixing may have a greater influence on ALL than on other leukaemia, or to a more accurate estimation of the exposure.
Suppose outcome X is the outcome of interest in stage j and outcome Y is of interest in stage k with j< k and denote the observed treatment effects by θ ^ j = π ^ j E − π ^ j C and θ ^ k = π ^ k E − π ^ k C respectively.
Sex, media and the courts do not make a great mix, if the outcome is supposed to be justice or truth.
Such a phenomenon is modeled by a finite states Markov chain whose outcome is supposed to be directly available along with its rate transition matrix.
The initial, improved student outcome was supposed to work as an incentive for a teacher to change or adapt his or her teaching behaviour.
The specter of this draconian outcome was supposed to drive legislators to a more reasonable compromise of targeted budget cuts and reductions.
