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If ck has some possible outcome sentence oku that would make P[oku | hj·b·ck] / P[oku | hi·b·ck] < γ (for a given small γ of interest), one may disjunctively lump oku together with some other outcome sentence okv for ck.
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Demner-Fushman [ 35] has implemented an extractor for outcome sentences using an ensemble of classifiers, and Xu et al. [ 36] have reported the extraction of patient demographic information using a parser and HMMs.
There are tagged 344 Intervention sentences, 341 Outcome Measure sentences, and 144 Participant sentences.
Using CRFs with windowed features, the best F-scores are 0.85 for Intervention sentences, 0.88 for Outcome Measure sentences and 0.84 for Participant sentences.
By comparison, using SVMs and windowed features, F-scores are 0.80 for Intervention sentences, 0.83 for Outcome Measure sentences and 0.81 for Participant sentences.
System 4 describes a system identical to System 2 except the training data is augmented with those from Set P. For system 1, it is seen that F-scores are 0.82 for Intervention sentences, 0.74 for Outcome Measure sentences and 0.48 for Participant sentences.
I have a very long suffering husband, who has gone through every iteration of character, every possible outcome, every sentence.
In this corpus, 100% of the Outcome Measure sentences appear in the sentences also labeled as Method.
This showed that the structured data from Set O is well matched to Set 1 for the Outcome Measure sentences but it is likely that the location of Intervention and Participant sentences differ between the structured sets and Set 1.
F-scores of up to 0.83 and 0.84 are obtained for Intervention and Outcome Measure sentences.
Outcome Measure sentences: The efficacy and safety of an intervention are measured with outcome measures that should be clearly defined in the trial protocol.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com