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The initial logistic regression model included only the exposure (sex) and outcome (sanctions) variables to provide a crude measure of effect.
In summary, number of years since receipt of PMQ, world region where PMQ was received, and registered specialty were associated with the outcome (sanctions) and the exposure (sex of a doctor) and as such we considered these variables as confounders.
The points discussed above highlight that the real interest of this research is not about the outcome sanctions itself, but about trying to understand the differences between male and female doctors that lead to the observed sex difference in receiving sanctions.
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"The outcomes from sanctions are almost universally negative," said the director of the study, Professor Peter Dwyer of the University of York.
'Profoundly negative outcomes' – Benefit sanctions are not effective in getting people into work and are more likely to drive people into poverty, a study of "welfare conditionality" in the UK has found.
The university says that due to the need to protect the privacy of all individuals involved in the complaints proceedings, its reports are "unable to capture the diversity and complexity of the circumstances associated with the complaints, or the factors that determined the outcomes and sanctions".
"One result of this commitment to confidentiality is that the descriptions in the report do not fully capture the diversity and complexity of the circumstances associated with the complaints or the factors that determined the outcomes and sanctions," Peart said.
Accountability involves " holding public officials/service providers answerable for processes and outcomes and imposing sanctions if specified outcomes are not delivered" [ 42].
The Education Department determined in 2008 that UVA violated the campus security law the Clery Act by requiring accusers to agree to a nondisclosure policy as a precondition to accessing outcomes and sanction information.
Recent U.S. experience with a military option, he said, should teach some lessons, and the outcome of tougher sanctions was also unpredictable.
"The most likely outcome of caveated sanctions on coal and iron trade is that there will be little systematic curbing of North Korean coal imports, but only periodic use of the measures to demonstrate displeasures with Pyongyang's actions: an occasional pinching action," she wrote.
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