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Exact(32)
We found that vmPFC was more activated during the outcome phase in the no-choice than in the choice condition, potentially confirming the role of this area in stimulus-based (more than action-based) value processing.
Therefore, a decision-making factor (choice vs. no choice condition) was also implemented in the present paradigm to distinguish stimulus-based versus action-based value coding in the mPFC during both decision and outcome phase.
Table 1 The hierarchical oxidative stress model Level of oxidative stress Low Medium High Response pathways: Anti-oxidant defense Inflammation Cytotoxicity Signaling pathway: Nrf-2 MAP kinase NF-κB cascade Mitochondrial PT pore Genetic response: Anti-oxidant response element AP-1 NF-κB N/A Outcome: Phase II enzymes Cytokines chemokines Apoptosis.
In both blocks, each trial included an anticipation phase, during which subjects indicated whether they expected a reward or not, a task-phase consisting of a number comparison task, and an outcome phase informing subjects about the monetary outcome of the particular trial.
The ensuing outcome phase started after the wheel had stopped.
The last 3 s of the outcome phase was treated as a baseline, inter-trial interval.
Similar(28)
Thus, the 'shift' hypothesis could not be replicated in our study, because activity did not decrease but increased in outcome phases.
Thus, for the analyses, all outcome phases were treated as 8 s intervals.
Thus, the precision of measured brain response during anticipation and outcome phases of the task would vary across participants.
For descriptive purposes, we additionally conducted first-order parametrical analyses of anticipation phases of losing trials (LA1) and outcome phases of lost losing trials (LOL1) [Additional file 1].
During the outcome phases, neural activity in the caudate nucleus, precuneus, lingual gyrus, cerebellum, and in the pallidum was influenced by individual preference.
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