In our article, we extend this research by comparing criterion validity of the two popular scales: Big Five and Grit, also taking into account the additional life outcomes of labour force participation and job satisfaction.
The present study analyses eight important life outcomes: educational attainment, labour force participation, employability, wages, job satisfaction, health, trust and life satisfaction measured in postPIAAC.
In contrast to previous studies (e.g. Eskreis-Winkler et al. 2014; Suzuki et al. 2015), we do not find a positive relationship between Grit and economic outcomes measured by labour force participation, employability and wages.
We find that low haemoglobin levels among our sample population are associated with significant cognitive and psychomotor delays that could eventually affect children's schooling performance and labour force outcomes.
51 Moreover, we find that the low Hb levels that we observe in this study are associated with significant cognitive and psychomotor delays that could eventually affect children's schooling performance and labour force outcomes.
As a result, the potential labour force is declining.
However, this conclusion is clouded by the fact that the studies use varying outcome measures, ranging from work participation, labour force participation, work participation among specific demographic groups to the ratio of non-workers to workers in the household and varying reference periods.
Irrespective of the indicator used though, adverse health outcomes were associated with reduction in labour force participation and/or work-time.
A similar problem arose in the use of multiple indicators of labour supply used as outcomes, ranging from work participation to labour force participation and sometimes limited to specific age groups.
The core database on labour market outcomes and output is derived from Eurostat's Quarterly National Accounts, the European Labour Force Survey and various national sources for the non-European countries.
