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Exact(4)
The "PUBCHEM ACTIVITY OUTCOME" field, completed by the publishing author or an equivalent expert in the field, is used to identify inactive compounds.
The backward method is preferable to the forward method because it reduces type 2 error (e.g., missing predictor that does in fact predict the outcome) (Field 2005).
Only 34% (52/154) of abstracts explicitly described a primary outcome, but a primary outcome was included in the "Primary Outcome" field in the ClinicalTrials.gov record for 82% (126/154) of studies.
We classified an outcome as the "primary" outcome in the abstract only if it was explicitly stated as such, and in the ClinicalTrials.gov record only if it was included in the "Primary Outcome" field in the tabular view of the record.
Similar(56)
Only outcomes mentioned in the outcome fields were assessed.
(If collection of pharmacokinetic data was mentioned outside the outcome fields, it was denoted a secondary outcome measure).
In 90% of cases the patient selection fields were completed, but only 30% of the exclusion and outcome fields were completed.
Through the 1990s, and into the 21st century, Rasch analysis has penetrated many health outcome fields and is becoming prevalent in ophthalmology.
These examples show that MMR can help us to address common questions in the health outcomes field.
The application of the MMR paradigm in the health outcomes field can be rooted in the widely accepted definition by Tashakkori and Creswell: "Mixed Methods Research is a research in which the investigator collects and analyses data, integrates the findings, and draws inferences using both qualitative and quantitative approaches or methods in a single study or program of inquiry" [8] (pp.2).
In the spirit of pragmatism which underlies this methodology, we assert that utilizing MMR in the health outcomes field should not be limited to the application of a closed list of possible methodological options, but should be viewed as a framework characterized by three key defining features described in Table 1.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com