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In order to investigate whether MARV was, in fact, the etiological agent of the local BV outbreak, viruses were also isolated from a human vesicle and from a bovine scab, and used for biological and molecular comparisons.
Historical data demonstrated that within an outbreak viruses were nearly identical; these data were then used to create similarity criteria.
The inclusion and analysis of rabies virus isolates from other provinces of South Africa and neighboring countries did not suggest any close link with the outbreak viruses.
High annual vaccination rates among residents and relatively high rates among employees (2 ) may have played a role in limiting the spread of the outbreak viruses.
The HA1 portion of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the outbreak viruses was sequenced and compared with those of epidemiologically relevant viruses.
Despite the intrinsically higher sensitivity of most ELISAs, the discrepancy in this study might have been aggravated by not using antigen of the outbreak viruses in HI assays.
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In this study isolation of an outbreak virus from Kerala state was done in chicken embryo fibroblast cell culture (CEF).
To elicit efficient protection, the vaccine must be HA-subtype specific to the outbreak virus (Arzt et al. 2010; Bennink and Palmore 2004; Escorcia et al. 2008; Swayne 2012; Zhou et al. 2008).
Saliva based ELISA assays were used to determine binding of the outbreak virus to saliva samples.
To investigate the property of our outbreak virus, the virus was incubated with saliva from symptomatic and asymptomatic/non-exposed individuals in an ELISA assay.
Following the outbreak, virus detection was conducted on all samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the matrix region of the influenza virus genome [12], [13].
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