During the early and/or pre-outbreak stages, laboratory testing aimed at surveillance and influenza case identification are required thus highly sensitive nucleic acid tests (NAT) and virus isolation are usually preferred.
However, during this pre-outbreak stage, it is unlikely that social desirability strongly biased the reporting of these behaviors.
At the pre-outbreak stage, decision makers will have a tool that summarizes risk across data streams for multiple drivers of IDs.
During the outbreak period (stage II), three teams were responsible for classifying SARS cases (2 ).
Both of the Ebola disease and Marburg virus outbreak and curbing stages are: preparation, warning, control and evaluation.
An internal WHO document says those involved "failed to see some fairly plain writing on the wall" in the outbreak's early stages, according to the Associated Press.
Up to date disease and vector-surveillance function as early warning systems to detect dengue outbreaks at early stages, so as to respond early to outbreaks and save resources.
Thus, a comparison of outcomes in the friends group and the randomly chosen group could be an effective technique for detecting outbreaks at early stages of an epidemic.
The staged outbreak response suggested here will need to be tested prospectively for its feasibility, effectiveness in mitigating dengue outbreaks, cost-effectiveness (i.e. cost in relation to number of expected dengue cases avoided) and acceptance by all relevant stakeholders.
The IHR serve as a reminder of our obligation to the global community, which may get lost in an outbreak investigation and staging of domestic control efforts, and provide a framework for WHO to coordinate a globally harmonized response.
Efforts are being made to detect outbreaks at early stages to prevent disasters such as that which occurred in the Netherlands in 1997 where CSFV was responsible for the death of more than 11 million pigs (Stegeman et al., 2000), with an estimated cost of US $2.3 billion (Meuwissen et al., 1999).
