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Local health departments that identified outbreak cases of Q fever (s.a.a
This example is not isolated; milk-processing failures have resulted in hundreds of outbreak cases of Campylobacter and E. coli O157 H7 infections in the United Kingdom (18).
National surveillance programs that facilitate monitoring of sporadic and outbreak cases of human campylobacteriosis in many developed countries, such as the United States and members of the European union, are available [ 4].
Although many studies have demonstrated that LEE is essential for host colonization and virulence of A/E pathogens (6 – 9 ), others have demonstrated that some STEC isolates without LEE, such as STEC O113:H21, are associated with sporadic and outbreak cases of severe disease indistinguishable from that caused by STEC O157 H7 (10 – 10 ).
We investigated the presence of antigenic variants among sporadic and outbreak cases of hepatitis A. We molecularly characterized 128 HAV strains isolated during 2005 2009 in Catalonia from patients with both sporadic (n = 37) and outbreak (n = 91) cases (Technical Appendix Figure 1) based on their viral protein 1 (VP1) region (7 ).
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An on-flight outbreak case of SARS is chosen to demonstrate the risk assessment process.
On the other hand, MRSA was still found on surfaces that were not directly available to horses long after the last outbreak case of MRSA.
Six percent of the outbreak cases and 1.6%% of the routine rubella data were women of reproductive age.
Here, "outbreak data" is defined as the above-described collection of data originating from a set of outbreak cases.
The aim of this study was to characterise secondary outbreak cases, estimate the overall proportion of outbreak cases that were the result of secondary transmission and to analyse the relationships between primary and secondary outbreak cases by mode of transmission, country and median age.
Purely epidemiological approaches to distinguishing outbreaks from sporadic cases significantly underestimate the proportion of outbreak cases.
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