The resultant main-effects model included the fixed variables of serotype, patient age, year of onset, and patient race, along with travel to eastern or Southeast Asia, and outbreak association (Table 3).
Data collected at time of specimen submission included: date of specimen collection, outbreak association if present, travel history and antibiogram (data source-ProvLab Information Systems; Communicable Disease Report at Alberta Health and Wellness).
During the SARS and Ebola outbreaks, association of the viruses with Chinese or African 'others' permitted Europeans to feel relatively safe from infection [ 3], and contributed to the victimisation of some Chinese in Toronto [ 4].
During the outbreak, strong associations between turbidity and gastroenteritis-related emergency room visits and hospitalizations occurred at temporal lags of 5 6 days (consistent with the Cryptosporidium incubation period).
"Produce has been implicated in a very small percentage of food-borne illness outbreaks," the association said in a position paper, "and most of these were caused by improper handling, not by farm practices".
During the outbreak, statistically significant associations between elevated water turbidity and rates of GIH events were detected at time lags of 5, 6, 7, and 13 days by both the GLM and GAM models.
Recently, we analyzed serum biomarkers by using samples from the Gulu outbreak and identified associations between cytokines/chemokines, acute-phase reactants, makers of coagulopathy, and markers of endothelial function and patient death, hemorrhage, and viremia (10 ).
Particularly in diffuse outbreak-settings, clear associations with surrogates of exposure should suffice to trigger public health action.
We excluded influenza from respiratory diseases because a previous study demonstrated that influenza outbreaks may confound associations between PM and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases (Ren et al. 2006).
During the outbreak period, the association between drinking water turbidity and physician-diagnosed gastroenteritis was the strongest at a time lag of 7 days in children and 8 9 days in adults (15 ).
