r FOR is the forced outage rate of components.
In the meantime, ( lambda_{text{line}} ) and ( mu_{text{line}} ) can be derived from historical statistic data, and finally the outage probability of components can be calculated by using (8).
Reference [9] outlined a time-varying and condition-based Markov process model for the outage of transmission components.
Random outages are modeled by using random sampling of states where uniformly distributed random numbers are generated between 0 and 1.0 for each network component and then they are compared with the probability of the outage of each component.
The stochastic model considers random outages of system components, load forecast errors and water inflow uncertainty.
Adequacy is the ability of the system to supply energy to any consumer at all times, taking into account scheduled and credible unscheduled outages of system components.
References [11, 12] propose stochastic models with random outages of system components to evaluate the security in the mid- and short-term respectively.
Adequacy is the ability of the power system to supply the aggregate electric power and energy requirements of the customer at all times, taking into account scheduled and unscheduled outages of system components, without considering dynamic and steady-state stability.
The simulation results based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization for different cases reveal the impact of components outage on reliability and cost of the system.
