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Edmark finds no evidence of migration (in or out migration) in response to changes in welfare benefit eligibility requirements.
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Serial cross-sectional samples were chosen instead of a panel design due to high levels of in- and out- migration in the study population as well as the advantages for measuring community-level indicators and community change in each village.
If these factors outweigh the insecurity from violence, we may find no out-migration in areas with greater cartel presence.
Once a primary destination for Americans, L.A. along with places like Detroit, New York and Chicago now suffers among the highest rates of out-migration in the country.
Indeed out-migration in the last few years has been greater on a per capita basis than that of the early 1990s, when "escape from New York" was a recurring media theme.
For monitoring of births, deaths, and in- and out-migrations in the DSS, interviews were only conducted if verbal consent was given by the household head and by the respective household members, and consent was documented by the interview sheet that was filled: the ethics committees both agreed that written consent was not required.
The livelihood differences between rural labor-migrant and non-labor-migrant households have important implications for the environmental outcomes of labor out-migration in rural origin areas.
Presence of an in-migrant in a household was captured from the dataset documenting in and out-migration in the surveillance area.
In contrast, Ezra and Kiros (2001) combined individual, household, and community factors to explain out-migration in drought-prone rural areas of Ethiopia.
The ultimate environmental consequences of labor out-migration in rural origin areas are contingent on the resulting changes in rural household livelihoods.
The sample was drawn from areas of high international out-migration in each study country and therefore may not accurately reflect other migrant populations.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com