Implicitly, their decisions already reflect underlying estimates of costs and benefits, but the process is arbitrary and closed to inspection.
If such strong momentum continues, our sales estimates for the year could increase by around £20m and we will upgrade our underlying EBITDA estimates by around £2m to £21m; this would see our underlying earnings per share estimate for stock increase from 2.8p to 3.2p.
The underlying estimated coefficients are reported in Table 8 in the Appendix.
In Zambia but not Ethiopia, lost paid worktime exceeded the underlying estimated disability level, which again may reflect the poverty of Ethiopia (people cannot afford to miss paid work).
At this stage in the evening, the networks' underlying estimate is typically based on a blend of the actual exit poll interviews and an average of pre-election polls, but in this case, the interviewers that help conduct the entrance poll have been able to obtain actual results from many of the sampled caucus precincts.
However, most estimates reflect provisional expert consensus opinion, and the empirical evidence underlying these estimates is seldom revealed.
We note as well that our exposures are population-based, and that census tracts, which are defined to have stable underlying population estimates of between 3,000 and 4,000 may be more appropriate in this setting.
On average, 15% of offspring have extra-pair paternity (EPP), which introduces errors both in the pedigree and the fitness estimates underlying our analyses.
While the regression underlying the estimates in the first column does not include any other control variables, the second column includes all application attributes and occupational fixed effects.
Spicer, though, did not mention key assumptions underlying those estimates early in President Barack Obama's first term.
