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Our playback procedure of distant neighbour song mimicked a group member leaving its territory and attempting to come up closer to the tested male.
Similar to Franco & Slabbekoorn's [18] study, our playback experiment was performed in three phases, but we used a more standardized recording protocol (see above for details).
Results from our playback experiment indicate that rather than attending to individual call types, receivers took into account the relative proportions of different calls within the sequence and extracted meaning by integrating information from across the call units.
Thus, the results of our playback experiment suggest that species recognition in mangrove finches is impaired by the song divergence between the two remnant populations, which will affect sexual selection by male-male competition upon secondary contact.
We observed however, that the individuals with changes in their repertoire during the playback experiment tended to have a larger repertoire during the first phase of our playback experiment.
Sixteen (13 males, 3 females) grey mouse lemurs were subjects of our playback experiments.
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Most likely, individuals of a nonbreeder flock would respond to our playbacks with increased attraction to the feeding site.
Nevertheless, when considering only one of our two playback sessions, we found that our monkeys also gave lateralized responses to one of the four heterospecific stimuli, orienting their head to the left side after the playbacks of mangabey's threat calls, but showed no asymmetry for De Brazza monkeys.
If this is true, the spectral structure of the female calls may reflect the need for greater transmission distance and the male calls may be designed for short-range communication, which we emulated during our acoustic playback experiments.
Our nestbox playback experiments showed that the warning auditory signals given by a disturbed bumblebee may play a prominent role in mediating bumblebee's success in taking over the nest from birds.
The lack of a right gaze bias in our study, when compared to the study by Siniscalchi and co-workers' experiments where dogs were presented with conspecific vocalizations [42], [43], can be explained by the fact that our sound playbacks came from the middle, rather than the bilateral presentation of Siniscalchi's experiments.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com