Our structured, formalised procedure for cluster searching identified useful reports that are not typically identified from topic-based searches on bibliographic databases.
This is because patients with comparatively higher INRs in group 1 had been aggressively treated to correct the values within the 36-h time frame by using, according to our institution's formalised protocol, vitamin k therapy.
Our experience with formalised debriefing was the opposite.
Despite the attention given to advance care planning in research [ 21, 22], the impact on health care decisions is uncertain [ 23] and none of the participants in our study had made these formalised plans.
Less attention has been paid to responses to climate change taking place outside of formalised policy channels, constraining our knowledge of these interventions.
As we have shown in our case, so far as these formalised ethical and methodological frameworks are based on, and promote, essentialist notions of age and ageing as well as ethnicity, these remain typically White, young and middle-class orientated and fail to accommodate flexibly 'difference' within the research process.
This may partly explain the predominance of themes of anxiety and mistrust of formalised healthcare in Soweto, yet our thematic analysis also made it clear that social mores, etiquette, and custom exert a greater influence over the healthcare encounter in Agincourt.
As illustrated also by Truman (2003) previously, the examples above clearly reveal how the formalised ethical requirements in relation to our research were at odds with the expectations and needs of our participants on the ground.
Since the focus of our discussion in this paper is mainly the workings of the formalised 'ethics' frameworks and regulations on the ground, it is important to mention here that our study involved gaining ethics approval from our university-based research ethics committee.
We asked Michael to join us and, building on our work on Hank Cinq, he again eschewed naturalism with formalised designs that drew attention to themselves in a way appropriate to a comedy that satirises the artistic pretensions of a parvenu landowner, played by the formidable Ron Moody.
