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The former represents is our alertness when applied to a task in hand – driving a car, sending a text, choosing what you want for dinner.
We can do this because our circadian biology (body clock) has a natural dip in the afternoon and there is a natural lull in our alertness.
Photon for photon, looking up at the blue sky, for example, is more effective in both resetting our biological clock and enhancing our alertness than looking down at the green grass.
As the morning progresses, the more focused and alert we become, until we reach a peak after which our energy levels decline and our alertness decreases, only to be restored in early evening.
This structure, the locus coeruleus, sends projections to practically every part of the brain and drives arousal: waking us from sleep, maintaining our alertness and, if excessive, triggering anxiety and distress.
"Since our alertness fluctuates, if we can find a pattern it will be very useful to manage and schedule our day," said Vincent W.S. Tseng, a doctoral student in information science and lead author of "AlertnessScanner: What Do Your Pupils Tell About Your Alertness," presented in September at the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services.
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In turn, the clock regulates our sleep and wake cycle, our mood, alertness and performance patterns, hormones, heart rate, and many other functions.
We hoped to be better scholars and athletes as a result, with an increase in our daytime alertness, psychological mood, productivity, creativity, health and quality of life.
That rising temperature gradually boosts our energy level and alertness which in turn "enhances our executive functioning, our ability to concentrate, and our powers of deduction".
By eating well and exercising regularly, we increase our energy levels and alertness and lift our mood.
If we are extremely sleepy during the day then we should stop and take a nap – especially if our jobs require alertness (lorry drivers, for example).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com