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No tuning was done for the other language models to maximize accuracy of the recognition results.
Table 2 shows the comparison between the average perplexities of the bigram-PLSA model and other language models.
Table 2 Perplexities, number of parameters, and the computation cost of the bigram-PLSA model and other language models.
In the setup, top 100-best hypotheses are rescored and reranked by other language models, such as back-off 5-gram, FNNLM, and RNNLM, to improve the performance.
As Table 2 shows, the proposed bigram-PLSA model reduces the perplexity more than other language models; however, the number of parameters and the training time of the proposed model is more than the other models.
It is demonstrated that n-grams are good word-predictors, even linguistically speaking, in a large majority of word-positions, and it is suggested that to improve over n-grams, one must explore syntax-aware (or other) language models that focus on positions where n-grams are weak.
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The proposed model is compared with other language modeling approaches based on three different evaluation approaches.
We acknowledge that one of the greatest challenges in our project and other language modeling tasks is to capture humor, which varies across people and cultures.
Recently, various methods have been explored to model a 3D-structure of protein in a linear 1D-sequence, in which known sequence alignment tools like FASTA [ 16], BLAST [ 17] or other language modelling techniques are employed to capture structural similarities among proteins.
English or Estonian or Japanese or any other spoken/written language models our very thoughts.
Moreover, the method adopts the n-gram modelling technique from computational linguistics, making it superior to the other formal language models to capture similarities in the topology strings.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com