His grandson, Ivan IV the Terrible, conquered the other two major Tatar khanates, Kazan and Astrakhan, but turned his attention to the Baltic before attacking Crimea.
The Song court maintained diplomatic relations with Chola India, Fatimid Egypt, Srivijaya, the Kara-Khanid Khanate of Central Asia, and other countries that were also trade partners with Japan.
Two of the major Khivan poets of the 18th century, Pahlavanqul Ravnaq and Nishātī, emigrated, the former to the khanate of Kokand and the latter to the khanate of Bukhara.
Kublai was, at the same time, the overlord of all the other Mongol dominions, which included areas as diverse as that of the Golden Horde in southern Russia, the Il-Khanate of Persia (present-day Iran), and the steppe heartlands where Mongol princes were still living the traditional nomadic life.
Soon the empire was reduced to the Mongol homeland and scattered khanates.
Russia conquered the first three of these khanates in the 16th century, but the Crimean khanate became a vassal state of the Ottoman Turks until it was annexed to Russia by Catherine the Great in 1783.
During the next century, West Turkistan was mainly controlled by the three rival khanates of Bukhara, Khiva (Khorezm), and Kokand.
Following the breakup of his dynasty, southern Central Asia became divided into several rival khanates that were ruled by his descendants.
In the smaller khanates that emerged at the disintegration of the Golden Horde (15th century), Old Kipchak remained in use.
Turkmens received their education from traditional Muslim schools in Bukhara and Khiva until the collapse of those khanates in 1920.
