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Genotypes were nested within pond to account for different origins of the same genotypes.
Here, multiple origins of the same gene family on different branches of the reference tree are connected by lateral links; edges connecting the same two nodes for different gene families are joined to form weighted edges 82.
Another limitation of our study, which also applies to that of Laurie and Weir (2003) and Song and Slatkin (2007), is that we assume an infinite alleles model of mutation; as such, we do not allow for independent origins of the same allele, as can happen with microsatellite loci.
They, and a recent study by Rokas and Carroll [ 25], have shown that 'homoplasy' (i.e. multiple independent origins of the same character state at a homologous site in different taxa) occurs much more frequently in true protein alignments than expected under standard substitution models such as JTT or WAG, even when the rates-across-sites process is taken into account.
3. The most homoplasy-free RGCs are associated with large-scale events – deletions, insertions, and inversions (in particular, see Chaisson M. J., Raphael B. J., and Pevzner P. A. Microinversions in mammalian evolution. PNAS 2006 103: 19824–19829), because in this case multiple origins of the same state are unlikely.
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A recent report also suggested greatly reduced levels of the Gabrb3 subunit in the brain of male mice with a maternally transmitted Gabrb3 mutation but not in male mice with paternal origin of the same mutation [17].
A higher proportion (47.0percentt) of women without Turkish origin aged 65 69 years participated in breast cancer screening than women of Turkish origin of the same age-group (40.2percentt).
In a companion paper by the same group of researchers, Erb et al. [ 20] focuses on the contribution of non-artifactual vascular motion induced by muscle contraction to the biological origin of the same signal.
The finding that the oligoclonality is only observed in the late stages of the disease is in agreement with the fact that Sca1 targets MafB expression to a significant percentage of the cells in the stem/progenitor compartment, implying that more than one cell-of-origin of the same type can contribute to the final reprogrammed plasma cells.
However, a homologous origin of the same basic domain architecture in some ancestral MetaHox gene is suggested by the common domain order within the Msx, NK and Tlx coding sequences, the close phylogenetic relationship of all their homeodomain sequences, and the evidence for ancient clustering of these genes into MetaHox homeobox gene clusters.
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