The seepage fluids on the Oomine Ridge have been inferred to originate from horizontally transported groundwater because the δ18OH2O and δDH2O values of the pore fluids at the cold seep sites on the Oomine Ridge are in the range of those of groundwater in coastal northwestern Japan (Toki et al. [2004]).
This paper presents a one-dimensional vertical model of kinetically-controlled diffusive transport of organic vapors pertinent to pollution caused by a relatively long, ground surface-originating, mainly horizontally-spread leak of NAPL, the volatile compound of which undergoes sorption and degradation in the soil.
The CR5-Sb-R1, -R2, -R3, and -R4 subgroups of sorghum originated by recombination between a horizontally acquired rice CR5-Osj-A-like element with an endogenous CR5/CR6 clade member of sorghum (details discussed above, also see figs. 2 c and 3 a).
From there, information spreads vertically through intracolumnar projections from LIV to the supra- and infragranular layers, but also horizontally through transcolumnar projection originating in LII/III, IV, and V (Petersen and Sakmann 2001; Schubert et al. 2007).
The sample originated from a well that was horizontally drilled to a depth of 2,100 m and fractured with approximately 35,000 m of hydraulic fracturing fluid in early 2012.
CR cells were typically characterized by a prominent horizontally oriented thick stem dendrite originating from one pole of the soma (Fig. 4 A E).
Figure 3(a) and Fig. 3(b) show, for example, the reconstructed 2D Stokes images derived from SH signals originating from starch granules when illuminated with horizontally and vertically polarized light respectively.
The authors chose a unique enzyme that is a malaria drug target and convincingly demonstrate that it gained a new function after originating by gene duplication of an enzyme horizontally transferred from bacteria.
Under this scenario, the CRISPR-Cas system originated in thermophilic Archaea and subsequently spread horizontally among prokaryotes.
New gene families typically originate either from duplicate copies of a gene that become sufficiently divergent and are no longer recognized as members of the same family, from genes horizontally transferred, or from genes originated de novo from previously non-coding sequences [ 50].
These observations suggest that the rTS gene originated as a bacterial gene which was either horizontally transferred into certain animal and fungal lineages, or alternatively, was lost in all the lineages that do not contain rTS genes.
