The " sensory module" is composed of brain regions that receive (directly or via relay) ascending inputs originating from the airways and encodes either sensory discrimination (stimulus intensity and perception) or spatial discrimination (stimulus localization).
Striatal output neurons (SONs) integrate glutamatergic synaptic inputs originating from the cerebral cortex.
Public attention has primarily been directed at nutrient inputs originating from the lake, but recent concern over the importance of local watershed impacts prompted a one-year watershed study designed to investigate the interactions between on-site sewage treatment and disposal systems (OSTDS or septic systems), groundwaters, and surface waters in the SLE and nearshore reefs.
They receive circadian inputs originating from the central pacemaker neurons and clock gene expressing cells in the visual system.
TTCs microcircuits significantly amplified brief thalamocortical inputs; this cortical gain was mediated by back-propagation activated N-methyl d-aspartate depolarizations and dendritic back-propagation-activated Ca2+ spike firing, ignited by the coincidence of thalamic-activated somatic spike and local dendritic synaptic inputs, originating from the cortical microcircuit.
Importantly, while NK1-R expression s consistent along the L1 L5 lumbar segments, NK1-R internalization in the dorsal horn ipsilateral to the site of IPLT formalin injection (and other treatments) is maximal in the ipsilateral L4 L5 segments, consistent with the location of terminals from sensory input originating from the ipsilateral hind paw.
Our previous study showed that hearing loss significantly enhanced putative monosynaptic excitatory input originating from the MGv to L2/3 (Kotak et al. 2005).
However, these electrophysiological studies did not systematically examine granule cells across cerebellar cortex, nor did they test the most numerous mossy fiber inputs, those originating from the basilar pontine nucleus (BPN) (Brodal and Bjaalie, 1992).
These results are consistent with: (1) the occurrence of strong hydrodynamics precluding current sedimentation in the inner part of the WGMP, and (2) conversely, inputs of particles originating from the Gironde Estuary in its central and outer part.
Perhaps the most important factor structuring the soft-sediment community is the spatio-temporal input of organic matter, originating from the phototrophic surface of the oceans [6], [7].
Modulation of the spike-generating process is not unexpected because the synaptic terminal of bipolar cells is a key site of integration: synaptic currents originating from photoreceptor inputs in the dendrites combine with inhibitory synaptic inputs received directly from amacrine cells [ 11, 39].
